What Drives Nepali Returnees to Re-migrate? A Cross-Country Study of Nepal and South Korea*

Objective: This study explores the determinants of re-migration among Nepali labor migrants through a comparative analysis with South Korea. Although both countries began as labor-exporting nations in the 1960s, their migration paths have diverged markedly over time. South Korea transformed into a labor-importing country by the 1990s through strategic industrialization and institutional reform. Nepal continues to experience rising out-migration due to persistent unemployment, low wages, and inadequate reintegration support. Method: Using a qualitative comparative case study approach, this research draws on secondary data, government reports, and survey findings from returnee programs such as South Korea’s K-HaMi initiative. Finding: Results indicate that more than 60 percent of Nepali returnees express intentions to re-migrate, citing structural barriers including limited job opportunities and poor recognition of skills acquired abroad. In contrast, Korea's policy framework, featuring wage parity, skills recognition, and entrepreneurship support, has enabled effective return integration. Conclusion: Nepal should adopt a comprehensive reintegration strategy aligned with its domestic context, incorporating wage standardization, skill certification, and localized support centers. Lessons from Korea’s migration governance model offer valuable insights for turning return migration into a pathway for sustainable development.