한국의 기업가정신 활동: 2010년 글로벌기업가정신연구(GEM)를 중심으로

The purpose of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) is to build and enhance global understanding about the attitudes, activity, and aspiration of entrepreneurs. By providing greater knowledge about entrepreneurship, GEM can help governments, businesses, and educators around the world design policies, develop programs, and provide assistance to help these enterprising individuals thrive in an increasing global business environment. GEM is a consortium of national academic teams and a central coordination team. Working together, this consortium administers an adult population survey (APS) of at least 2,000individuals from 18-64 years old in each participating country. In addition, GEM conducts National Expert Surveys (NES) of at least 36 experts, to provide information about particular factors influencing entrepreneurship in each country. The analysis of NES was based on the answers from 55 experts in the 9 specified fields. This paper based on the GEM Korea 2010 report. GEM 2010 organized the 59 countries into three groups based on different economic development levels: factor-driven,efficiency-driven, and innovation-driven. Korea is among the 22 higher-income innovation-driven economies. Many of the comparisons made in this report with respect to Korea are within this group of countries. Korea ranked 7th in the TEA level in the group (ranked 8th in the TEA level in GEM 2009). In measuring entrepreneurial activity, GEM includes four phases: potential, nascent, new, and established entrepreneurs. This report focuses primarily on nascent and new entrepreneurs,which make up the Total Entrepreneurial Activity (TEA) rate. This rate in 2010 was 6.6% of the adult population in Korea, which were lower than 7% of 2009. One distinct quality of entrepreneurship in Korea is the ratio of male to female participation in entrepreneurship. While this varies among countries across the entire sample,the innovation-driven countries generally have a male-to-female entrepreneurship ratio of two to one, with some (U.S., Germany) having a much lower ratio. Korea, however, has about a five-to-one ratio. The ratio in TEA (11.0% of men to 2.2% of women). National Expert Survey (NES) reveal that government policies and programs, market openness, physical infrastructure, culture and social norms, entrepreneurial opportunity, and social image of entrepreneur has dominant position compare with the innovation-driven economies, but financial environment, commercial infrastructures and women entrepreneurship are relatively poor.