상법상 해상운송인의 운송물에 관한 주의의무(제795조)의 해석론적 비교 검토

In the Article Ⅲ(1) of Hague-Visby Rules, subject to the provisions of Article Ⅳ, the carrier shall properly and carefully load, handle, stow, carry, keep, care for, and discharge the goods carried. This Article is adopted in Article 795(1) of Korean Commercial Code, but with some variation. The standard of ‘properly and carefully’ is not different from that of ‘due diligence’ in Korean Commercial Code. Hague-Visby Rules imposes some specific obligations about how the carrier must perform its contract, for example, and detail some of the legal consequences of the carrier's failure to perform, but it does not explicitly declare the carrier's most basic obligation simply to perform the core contract. However, the Rotterdam Rules' treatment of carrier's obligations begins by making explicit what the Hague-Visby Rules leaves implicit. Article 11 declares, in essence, that the carrier must perform the core obligations under its contract. It employs what has often been described as a ‘reversed burden of proof’, meaning that carrier (typically the defendant) must disprove its fault in order to escape liability (once the claimant has established a prima facie case). This differs from the allocation commonly employed in many jurisdictions to determine fault-based liability under which the plaintiff must prove the defendant's fault as part of its affirmative case in order to recover.