인적 ‘가치창출’과 ‘인간가치’ 창출: 경영의 철학적 기반

The purpose of this research is to provide the groundwork for the philosophy of business. The goal of the philosophy of business is to link business to basic philosophical values such as truth (the intellectual dimension), goodness (the moral dimension), and beauty (the aesthetic dimension). Philosophical paradigms and universal values are critical in the academic discipline of management, just as in other social science fields. Hence, assuming certain conceptions about human nature, as self-fulfilling prophecy predicts, leads to a tendency to adopt certain types of management arrangements that affect human behavior, eventually reinforcing the original conceptions about human beings. The academic field of business is not value free. To emphasize the significance of philosophical stance and values in the business discipline, we provided the 5P model of business using five factors: philosophical base, principle, practice, people, and performance. First of all, with regard to philosophical base, we discussed ontological stance, ethical basis, assumptions about human nature, and the epistemological view. Second, the interplay between or among principle,practice, and people is also an important component of the 5P model. Principles provide guidelines for the adoption of management practices and for the behaviors of people. Finally,in the case of performance, three features are suggested: multidimensionality, non-commensurability,and balance. The nature of the 5P model differs according to different management paradigms. Then we provided two competing management paradigms: human “value creation” and “human value” creation. The former means that firms utilize human resources for value creation. This view perceives human beings as an instrumental means for a purpose. The latter emphasizes human dignity as an end rather than as a means. We introduced the capability approach,suggested by various scholars such as Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum, as a major theory for the “human value” creation perspective. Recent management rhetoric contains themes from the humanities such as human beings, love, happiness, human spirit, community, social values,and responsibility. We refer to this current rhetoric as “discourse on the essential nature of management.” This recent management rhetoric is related to the “human value” creation perspective. One critical issue is the sustainability of management systems when these systems are based on philosophy and principles. Three conditions are suggested for building up sustainable management systems: (1) the institution-building roles of top management; (2) a value-based approach to strategy; and (3) a shift in the approach to people management. First, institution building is related to “infusing with values.” Firms are perceived as social institutions. Second,the value-based approach to strategy starts with the selection of fundamental values and beliefs. Then, designing management practices that reflect those values and beliefs comes next, followed by building core capabilities that reflect these practices. The final stage is formulating a strategy that is consistent with the values. Third, in the case of people management,one critical issue is the capability-based division of labor, in which people develop and utilize their capabilities with substantial freedom. Some discussion and implications are derived. In particular, methods for linking the management and humanities fields were discussed. In addition, we called for the introduction of philosophy of business divisions in academic associations.