한국의 기업가정신 활동: 2012년 글로벌기업가정신연구(GEM)를 중심으로

This paper is based on the GEM(Global Entrepreneurship Monitor) Korea 2012 report. GEM is a consortium of national academic teams and a central coordination team called GERA since 1999. Sixty-seven countries that are categorized into factor-driven, efficiency-driven, and innovation-driven economies, participated in the GEM 2012 project. Each participating country administers an adult population survey (APS) of at least 2,000 individuals from 18-64 years old and a national expert survey (NES) of at least 36 experts under the guidance of GERA. According to APS in Korea, total early-stage entrepreneurial activity (TEA) level in 2012 is 6.6% of the adult population, which is lower than 7.8% of 2011. Compared with innovation-driven economies, Korea ranks 10th among 24 countries in terms of TEA, while the nation ranks 6th among 23 countries in 2011. The decrease in TEA comes from the fact that necessity-driven TEA reduced considerably while opportunity-driven TEA increased a little bit. NES in Korea shows that Korea has an outstanding government support policies, governmental programs, internal market dynamics, physical infrastructure, and social & cultural norms in terms of entrepreneurial framework conditions (EFC's), compared with the innovation-driven economies. In contrast, the commercial & professional infrastructure, female entrepreneurship, and finance have been shown to be inferior in the past years. Based on the characteristics of early-stage entrepreneurial activity of Korean adults, the paper suggests five policy implications: First, globally pioneering entrepreneurship needs to be spread across the nation. Second, professional & networking infrastructure out of EFC's need to be improved. Third, youth entrepreneurs need to absorb enough know-how for managing businesses before they start a business. Fourth, opportunity-driven & easy-to-access entrepreneurship need to be facilitated through intrapreneurship. Last, much more attention needs to be paid to migrant entrepreneurship as an avenue for extending markets globally.