녹색기후기금(GCF)의 조직구조와 역할수행에 관한 국제환경법적 검토

The GCF was designated as an operating entity of the financial mechanism of the UNFCCC, in accordance with Article 11 of the Convention. Given the urgency and seriousness of climate change, the purpose of the GCF is to make a significant and ambitious contribution to the global efforts towards attaining the goals set by the international community to combat climate change. In the context of sustainable development, the GCF will promote the paradigm shift towards low-emission and climate-resilient development pathways by providing support to developing countries to limit or reduce their greenhouse gas emissions and to adapt to the impacts of climate change, taking into account the needs of those developing countries particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change. The GCF will operate in a transparent and accountable manner guided by efficiency and effectiveness. And the GCF will play a key role in channelling new, additional, adequate and predictable financial resources to developing countries and will catalyse climate finance, both public and private, and at the international and national levels. And the GCF also will provide simplified and improved access to funding, including direct access, basing its activities on a country-driven approach and will encourage the involvement of relevant stakeholders, including vulnerable groups and addressing gender aspects. And the GCF is governed and supervised by the Board that will have full responsibility for funding decisions and will receive the guidance of the COP. And the GCF established the independent Secretariat and have the Trustee with administrative competence to manage the financial assets of the Fund. First, the Board has 24 members, composed of an equal number of members from developing and developed country Parties. Representation from developing country Parties include representatives of relevant UN regional groupings and representatives from small island developing States and least developed countries. Each Board member has an alternate member, with alternate members entitled to participate in the meetings of the Board only through the principal member, without the right to vote, unless they are serving as the member. Two Co-Chairs of the Board are elected by the Board members, with one being a member from a developed country Party and the other being a member from a developing country Party. Decisions of the Board will be taken by consensus of the Board members. If an objection has been received, the Co-Chairs will work through the objection with the Board member directly. First of all, the Board will oversee the operation of all relevant components of the Fund; approve specific operational policies and guidelines, including for programming, project cycle, administration, and financial management; establish additional thematic windows and/or substructures to address specific activities, as appropriate; establish a framework for the monitoring and evaluation of performance and the financial accountability of activities supported by the Fund and any necessary external audits; appoint the Executive Director of the secretariat; appoint the head of the evaluation unit and the heads of all accountability units etc. Next, the GCF established the independent Secretariat which will service and be accountable to the Board. The Secretariat will be responsible for the day-to-day operations of the Fund, providing administrative, legal and financial expertise. In particular, the secretariat will report information on the Fund’s activities; liaise with members, implementing entities, and cooperating bilateral and multilateral institutions and agencies; prepare performance reports on the implementation of activities under the Fund; develop the work programme and annual administrative budget of the secretariat and trustee and submit them for approval by the Board; operationalize the project and programme cycle processes etc. But there are some problems at running the governance of the GCF like the following: fairness and transparency of the allocation concerning the urgency and seriousness of climate change; securing financial resources from the developed countries; influence of the superpowers under the UNFCCC COP; limit of technical development and transfer to developing countries; simplified procedure in case urgent and immediate needs of developing countries; embodiment of the monitoring and evaluation after approval; objective evaluation of the independent evaluation unit. On October 20, 2012, the Board took a consensus decision to select Songdo, Incheon City, Republic of Korea as the host city of the GCF. In accordance with para. 22 of the Governing Instrument, this decision was endorsed by decision 6/CP.18 of the COP at its eighteenth session in Doha, Qatar, in December 2012. And the "Agreement between the Republic of Korea and the Green Climate Fund regarding the Headquarters of the Green Climate Fund" was signed in Bonn, Germany, on June 2, 2013 and in Songdo, Incheon, Republic of Korea, on June 10, 2013. The Agreement entered into force in accordance with para. 5 of Art. 20 of the Agreement on August 27, 2013. At the present moment, the Republic of Korea must understand the governance of the GCF and play a pivotal role in operation of the GCF as the secretariat.