관용에 대한 (생물학적) 접근: 공감의 은유적 맵핑

To contour a normative map of toleration as a legal principle seems to be elusive. Toleration is not as certain as justice and responsibility in theory. In the course of the sixteenth and seventeenth century, the historical background of liberal toleration was political turning to survive and a kind of social biological prescription. I suppose that toleration depends on an embodied mind. I claim toleration is a metaphorical product. My approach to toleration is based on experientialism of J. Lakoff & M Johnson. To catch toleration in theory, I try two cross-domains mapping. One is the metaphorical mapping based on biology and brain-science, which are source-domains. This brain science shows that mirror-neurons in brain perform a function of empathy. I argue that the empathic function of mirror-neurons means a source of universal normativity as justification. The other is the mapping from etymologic usages of toleration and tolerance in the field of statistics and pharmacy etc. My etymological mapping is to reveal the limit of toleration and zero-toleration. Toleration as an embodied mind is not enough to be justified by empathy. What toleration is embodied in mind means the metaphor to stem from an interaction with cultural environment. I give a few historical and literary examples of J. Locke, Calvin and G.E. Lessing’s Nathan Der Weise, etc. My mapping of tolerance in the latter means the metaphor, [the limit of permission within an error range]. Also toleration means [antibiotic] in pharmacy, which is the metaphor of harm. Their metaphors mean [an acceptance of riskiness] for coexistence. I focus on empathy as an example of Golden Rule. Empathy is the necessary requirement for legal justication. [If I were you~], I sympathize with your pain and misfortune. If we accept empathy theory, the morality of empathy is not merely negative Golden Rule. We have to get to the toleration as positive Golden Rule. Then toleration arrives at one of our ‘thick’ ethical concepts such as what Bernard Williams called. As brain science and experientialism show to us, we find out if toleration implies empathy from which it get to a responsibility of Golden Rule. Toleration requires to make up a lack of human existence by empathy.