선하증권상 히말라야 약관의 요건과 적용범위

A shipper of goods, when negotiating a contract of carriage, will be aware that the obligations arising from that contract will rarely be performed personally by the contractual carrier but will be delegated to employees of the carrier or to independent contractors engaged to carry out a particular function, such as stevedores engaged to load or discharge the cargo. The Bill included an express clause stipulating that any servant, agent or independent contractor employed by the carrier should be entitled to the protection of every exemption available to the carrier and that, in respect of this clause, the carrier was contracting not only on his own behalf but also as agent or trustee on behalf of the parties named. Two requirements must be satisfied before such an exception will operate. First, the limitation of liability of liability clause must either expressly or impliedly extend its benefit to the employees seeking to rely on it; and, secondly, such employees must have been performing the very services provided for in the contract between their employer and the customer when the loss ocurred. There is, however, one proviso in relation to contracts for the carriage of goods by sea. In such a context the statutory right to enforce a contractual provision is not intended to confer positive rights on a third party, its effect being expressly restricted to enabling a third party to avail himself of an exclusion of limitation of liability provision in such a contract.