20세기 대학연구의 상업화와 지적재산권 제도의 변화

This article chronicles key shifts in intellectual property regimes in the twentieth centuryas they related to the commercialization of academic research. The institutionalization andgrowth of scientific research in the research university in the twentieth century and the increasingawareness of its potential to promote technology innovation and economic growth posited an importantquestion of the ownership of knowledge created in the academic setting, where knowledge wastraditionally regarded as a common property among academic researchers. This paper shows theownership of academic knowledge emerged as a key public policy and legal issue in the latter halfof the twentieth century for academic researchers and government officials who pursue the commercializationof academic knowledge for private gain and public benefit. The resulting institutionalizationof patent management in the research university and shifts in federal patent policy inturn opened a new legal avenue for the establishment of the private ownership of academic knowledgeand the expansion of intellectual property rights in academia, especially in the area of biologicaland biomedical research. Reflecting upon historical shifts in intellectual property regimesin the twentieth century, this paper suggests recent controversies regarding ownership of biologicalknowledge and profit sharing in developing counties are linked to critical issues pertinent tothe welfare of indigenous population, utilization of new natural resources, and sustainable developmentfor humanity.