이연법인세비용, 재량적 발생액 및 감사보수 간의 관계에 관한 연구―비상장기업의 실증적 증거―

This study investigate whether the relation between deferred tax expenses and discretionary accruals, and also this paper examines whether auditors utilize the information in deferred tax expenses in a non-listed firms setting. Specifically, this paper assess the usefulness deferred tax expenses in detecting of earnings management, and also this paper investigate whether deferred tax expenses are associated with higher audit fees. Tax accounting texts claim that the differences between pre-tax financial reporting earnings and taxable income (i.e., book-tax differences) can provide information about current earnings, and the large differences between book and taxable incomes should have been an indicator of low-quality financial reporting earnings. Thus, the prior literature on book-tax differences provides evidence consistent with the differences providing information about earnings quality. For example, Phillips et al. (2003) argue that managers typically have more discretion in financial reporting than in tax reporting and can exploit such discretion to manage income upwards in ways that do not affect current taxable income. Such earnings management will generate book-tax differences that increase a firm’s net deferred tax liability (i.e., deferred tax liabilities minus net deferred tax assets；DTE) and, consequently, increase its DTE. Therefore, this study use deferred tax expense (DTE), and change in DTE, a publicly available measure, as their empirical surrogate for book-tax differences (Phillips et al. 2003). And this paper use discretionary accruals to measure the extent of firms’ earning management, I employ both the model identified by Dechow et al.(1995) and performance-adjusted discretionary accruals suggested by Kothari et al. (2005) to estimate discretionary accruals. The sample is non-listed firms which are not listed in security market. This paper uses the total 12,928 firm-year observations for the period from 2001 to 2008. The empirical test results are as follows. First, in the non-listed firms’ sample tests, I do find significantly positive relation between deferred tax expenses (changes in DTE) and discretionary accruals, after controlling for other variables that affect the level of audit fees. Thus, the results provide evidence consistent with deferred tax expenses generally being incrementally useful with discretionary accruals and performance-adjusted discretionary accruals derived from two Jones-type models in detecting earnings management. Second, to audit fees results, the results using the non-listed firms’ sample show that DTE (ΔDTE) are significantly and negatively related with audit fees. However, the data are inconsistent with larger deferred tax expenses being associated with high audit fees on listed firms (Hanlon and Krishnan 2005；Jeon and Park 2009；Roh and Kim 2010 etc). In other words, this study reports the evidence that auditors do not properly incorporate the information of deferred income tax for non-listed firms. This paper make a important contributions to the tax accounting literature. Also, this work contribute to several lines of existing research in earnings management and audit quality related study. This paper additional contributes to the understanding of how external auditors consider and reflect earnings quality into audit fees by investigating the effects of deferred tax expenses on audit fees. Because auditors are known as experts in evaluating firm’s overall financial reporting accurate and credibility (i.e., those with annual financial statements reviewed by an external auditor), a firm’s accounting information determined by a auditors can have an important effect on investors’ decision making, which in turn, affects efficient resource allocation. This results add to the literature on the role of financial information for an important and interesting group of non-listed firms. So, I expect the findings in the paper to have useful implications for scholars, practitioners, accounting standard setters, and regulators.