조직간 관계에서의 위험 유형 구분과 적절한 유형별 관계통제 방안들: 공급업체와의 관계를 중심으로

To investigate and identify the ways how to effectively control diverse risks occurring in inter-organizational transactions have been an important research topic. In previous research, the concrete relationships between various types of transactional risk and control devices have never been empirically demonstrated and showed. Usually, in inter-organizational transactions, there are two broad types of risks, such as relational risk that refers to the risk of opportunistic behavior, and performance risk which implies that the partner of a firm cannot achieve the target performance. Considering relational risk, performance risk and suppliers’ power, this study developed and suggested the eight kinds of risks(i.e., the controllable both risks, relational risk, performance risk and low risk, and the uncontrollable both risks, relational risk, performance risk and low risk). We also indicated the assumed relationships between each type of risks and appropriate control mechanisms(i.e., prudent partner selection, contract complexity, and the construction of cooperative relationships). Based on the degrees of suppliers’ power, the groups of controllable and uncontrollable risks were classified. In controllable group, the assumed relationships between each kind of risks and useful control devices are suggested as follows: prudent partner selection as well as contract complexity used for both risks, prudent partner selection used for relational risk, contract complexity utilized for performance risk, and market control for low risk. In uncontrollable group, the proper relationships between each kind of risks and appropriate control mechanisms are also suggested as follows: prudent partner selection, contract complexity and construction of cooperative relationships utilized for both risks, both prudent partner selection and construction of cooperative relationships used for relational risk, contract complexity as well as construction of cooperative relationships used for performance risk, and only construction of cooperative relationships utilized for low risk. Data for this study were drawn from a survey of the current status of transactional risks and control mechanisms observed in Korean manufacturing firms. In total, 500 organizations were randomly selected from a population of about 1,000 firms that are listed on the Korean stock market. The manufacturing firms listed are medium to large in size and consequently, are likely to have more experience with transaction risks and control devices than are smaller firms. First, the chief production executives of the selected firms were contacted to ask for their participation in the research. 81 firms were finally included in the study. In order to collect empirical data, this research administered questionnaires with the participating firms. Only chief production executives were selected as respondents. Before mailing the questionnaire, through an initial telephone interview with the respondent, the researcher of this study asked for his response. A questionnaire with a cover letter was mailed to each respondent. After distributing the questionnaire, through a second telephone interview, the contents of the questionnaire and the answering method were shortly explained. The purposes of the second interview were to identify whether the respondents have received the questionnaires and to ask for quick response. The survey was conducted during a 2-month period between February 2014 and April 2014. To empirically demonstrate four kinds of risk in each groups, which were classified with the median value of suppliers’ power(the group higher than median is uncontrollable, and the other group lower than median is controllable), cluster analysis was employed. A critical issue in cluster analysis is to determine the optimal number of clusters. A formal approach in determining the most appropriate number of clusters is to examine the distance coefficient. The points at which the distance coefficient suddenly jumps indicate suitable stages in the clustering sequence for analysis. In case of the controllable group, the distance coefficient increases greatly at two points - between the fifth and sixth clusters, and between the second and third clusters. This implies that the six-cluster and third-cluster solutions may be appropriate points for analysis. To show various cases in the combination of transaction risks and control devices, six-cluster solution can be selected. Therefore, for the controllable group, the six-cluster solution was used in the analysis. However, in terms of the uncontrollable group, the distance coefficient increases greatly at two points - between the ninth and eighth clusters, and between the third and fourth clusters. This means that the nine-cluster and four-cluster solutions may be appropriate points for analysis. Since the nine clusters comprise too various cases, the four-cluster solution was selected. Hence, for the uncontrollable group, the four-cluster solution was used in the analysis. The results of cluster analyses showed the six and four clusters in each groups, and also confirmed the four kinds of risks in each groups. With the results of cluster analyses, we empirically proposed the relationships among types of risk, control mechanisms and the supply-chain performance of a firm. The results of comparisons between the controllable group and the uncontrollable group indicated that in performance risk, the degrees of contract complexity, and the levels of construction of cooperative relationships, those of the uncontrollable group are significantly greater than those of the controllable group. From the results of this study, it is found that in the controllable group, when both prudent partner selection and complex contract are highly used, the supply-chain performance of a firm is improved under high both risks. In controllable group, it is also found that when performance risk is high, the supply-chain performance of an organization is increased through high usage of complex contract. In case of the uncontrollable group, the empirical results showed that when performance risk is high, supply-chain performance can be improved with the high usages of complex contract as well as construction of cooperative relationships. In the uncontrollable group, it is observed that when relational risk is high, the supply-chain performance of a firm is improved with the high usages of both prudent partner selection and construction of cooperative relationships. The results of this study generally demonstrated the presumed relationships among the kinds of risk, appropriate control devices, and the supply-chain performance of a firm.