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학술논문법학논총2017.08 발행

英美法上的遗嘱自由与家庭扶养制度

Freedom of Wills and Family Support System in Anglo-Amercan Law

왕형재(고려대학교)

24권 2호, 365~385쪽

초록

遗嘱自由原则最早是由罗马法所确立并逐渐被近现代各国立法所采用.但是一味的强调自由只会为社会带来很大的弊端,所以必须对其进行一定的限制. 也就是说,在遗嘱继承制度的制定上,必须将尊重被继承人的财产分配意愿与维护家庭关系的稳定团结综合起来考虑,即将遗嘱自由和对遗嘱自由的限制相结合. 一方面承认被继承人的遗嘱自由,另一方面则要对这种自由加以限制. 从世界上整体遗嘱继承立法的总趋势来看,遗嘱自由在任何国家都是要受到一定的限制的.本文仅将针对英美法系国家及地区中的英国、美国, 澳大利亚以及中国香港特别行政区的遗嘱自由与限制规定来进行论述与分析. 本文对英美法系几个主要的国家与地区对遗嘱自由限制的立法进行了概括性阐述. 英美法系的遗嘱继承制度采取了 “遗嘱相对自由主义” 原则,但同时也对遗嘱权予以了一定程度的限制,被继承人并不能通过订立遗嘱自由的处分其全部遗产. 在英美法系国家与地区中,盛行着个人主义,这一点在遗嘱处分过程中尤为显著. 但是,虽说被继承人享有着很大的自由,对于家族成员的扶养义务却是被继承人怎样都不能规避的. 所以,英美法系国家地区往往都是通过柔性的司法自由裁量方式对偏离立法目的的恶性遗嘱进行限制. 这种方式虽然适用灵活,但是程序却很复杂多变,对法官的法律素养以及良心都是一种极大的考验. 同时,在合理的家庭供养费请求权主体的范围与资格,申请份额以及合理的家庭供养费请求权主体的权利保障等方面,英美法系国家和地区的立法上有着很多的积极的一面,但同时也有很多不足之处,也还是需要不断进行调整和修正.

Abstract

The doctrine of will was first established in Roman law and gradually accepted in the legislation of the modern state. However, over-emphasis on freedom requires certain restrictions because it causes a great deal of social woes. That is to say, in establishing a will inheritance system, we must take into account the stable binding of the willingness to distribute property and family relations, and to properly combine freedom of will and restrictions. While acknowledging the freedom of the will of the deceased, they must impose restrictions on such freedom. In view of the legislative trends around freedom of will worldwide, freedom of testament is subject to certain restrictions in most countries. This study analyzes the freedom and limitations of wills of Britain, the United States, Australia and Hong Kong among the countries and regions of the Anglo - American regime.

발행기관:
법학연구원
DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/​10.18189/isicu.2017.24.2.365
분류:
비교법학

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