조세조약상 중재제도의 최근 국제 동향과 그 도입방안

In 2016 OECD published Multilateral Convention to Implement Tax Treaty Related Measures to Prevent BEPS(MLI) in order to implement the BEPS projects effectively and promptly. In 2017, 68 countries including Korea signed MLI and 25 of 68 countries opted for the adoption of the mandatory arbitration to their tax treaties. A mandatory arbitration clause in tax treaties was introduced to OECD Model Convention in 2008 to complement the mutual agreement procedure. If a case is not resolved in the mutual agreement procedure within certain period(generally 2years), a party or both parties in the case apply for the arbitration process to its or their Competent Authorities and the Competent Authorities have to submit the case to the third party arbitration panel. After the arbitration panel reviews the case, it should select one of the proposed resolutions offered by the Competent Authorities (in case of the last best offer arbitration), which becomes the mandatory and binding resolution to the parties. The mandatory arbitration process has advantages―it makes a case be resolved promptly, provides taxpayers with certainty for the resolution of the case, and eliminates double taxation. Current trends in BEPS Projects and on each country’s approach take active interests in the introduction of a mandatory arbitration process to tax treaties. One example is Japan which opted for the mandatory arbitration in 2017. In this regard, it is necessary that Korea build up the theoretical and institutional basis for the introduction of the mandatory arbitration. This article describes the main contents of the mandatory arbitration in the MLI, reviews the arbitration procedures in the U.S.-Germany tax treaty, U.S.-Canada tax treaty, Japan-the Netherlands tax treaty and Japan-U.S. tax treaty, and suggests how to adopt rational mandatory arbitration with legalistic(especially for the Constitutional perspective) study. First of all, this article finds that there are no legal controversies in adopting the mandatory arbitration in the perspective of the Tax Autonomy, the right of access to courts in Constitution, and the Principle of No Taxation without Law. In addition, it implements theoretical reviews and draws reasonable methods for introducing the mandatory arbitration focusing on the scope of a case subject to arbitration, the type of arbitration(whether last best offer arbitration or conventional arbitration, otherwise, combined one), the confidentiality and the transparency of the determination of the arbitration panel and the process of trial, the relationship between the arbitration process and other procedures, and the composition of the arbitration panel.