匈奴 金冠 연구: 內蒙古 西溝畔M4號墓의 금관을 중심으로

This paper investigated the gold crown of Tomb M4 at Xigoupan (西溝畔) among gold crowns excavated from Xiongnu leaders’ tombs in the region of Inner Mongolia. The excavation of Xiongnu tombs were lively carried out meantime in the 1970s and the 1980s, and the existence of Xiongnu golden items such as gold belt hooks and gold crowns became known. Among the golden items, there are only four Xiongnu leaders’ gold crowns in total, which were excavated from a tomb at Aluchaideng (阿魯柴登) in Inner Mongolia, a tomb at Shenmu in Shaanxi Province, and an ancient ruins site at Khureemaral soum in Mongolia besides the Tomb M4 at Xigoupan, which is the subject of this paper. The gold crown ornaments of Tomb M4 at Xigoupan show different forms from other leader’s crowns such as that of Aluchaideng, and thus it is difficult to identify the true nature of the Xiongnu crown. Hence, this paper intended to find out the genealogy of the Xiongnu crowns by restoring the whole shape of the gold crown at Tomb M4 in Xigoupan, and to investigate the year and place of its creation. The investigation shows that the gold crowns at the Aluchideng tomb in Inner Mongolia and at Shenmu were made at the early stage from the 4thcentury BC to the 3rdcentury BC, and that the gold crown at Tomb M4 in Xigoupan was made at the last stage when the Xiongnu fell and was incorporated into China as southern Xiongnu. The crown restored by this research showed a cap made of hard organic material including felt, three gold plates below with the nature of a band crown, and three layers of gold crown erect ornaments above. And the pendant ornaments were considered to have a dual structure. That is, the restoration showed that right and left pendants of animal-style patterns hang down from around the temples, and an agate bead string is connected around the face behind the pendants. On this wise, the Xiongnu created their own unique culture of official hats, being influenced by the official hats of animal-shape styles in Saka, the Sarmathians, and Altai. In connection with the place of creating the gold crown of Tomb M4 at Xigoupan, the investigation of this study focused on the form of the pentagonal mountain-shaped gold crown ornament and the extrusion molding technique for fabricating the gold plates. Identifying the pentagonal mountain-shaped gold crown ornament as belonging to the Han’s (漢) jintang (金瑭) family worn by the official ranks of shizhong (侍中, “Palace Attendant”) or zhong changshi (中常侍, “Central Regular Attendant”), this study suggests the fabrication place should possibly have been a Chinese workshop. In addition, this study investigated the activities of pasture goldsmiths in China, considering that the extrusion molding technique had already been adopted by Chinese workshops in the 4th century BC.