2018年日本民法(相続法)改正の必要と今後の課題
Outline of the Japanese Civil Code(Inheritance law) revision in 2018 and future challenges
Habu Kaori(Sophia University)
8권 1호, 37~53쪽
초록
本論文は, 2018年の日本民法(相続法)改正の概要と今後の課題について見てみよう. まず改正法では, 生存配偶者の居住保護のために配偶者の短期居住権と配偶者の居住権 を新設したが, 第一に, 配偶者の短期居住権は夫死亡後, 妻が遺産分割で当該建物の帰 属が確定するまで一定期間ずっと建物を無償で使う権利をいう. 第二に, 配偶者居住権 は△妻が遺産分割の手続きで妻とほかの相続人の間に妻が配偶者居住権を取得すること に対する合意があった場合, または△家庭裁判所で妻の生活維持のために特別に配慮が 必要だと認める場合など, 一定の要件の下, 妻に一生建物を無償で使う権利を取得する ことをいう. 第三に, 被相続人の意思表示推定規定で, 婚姻期間が20年以上の夫婦の場 合, 夫が妻に居住する建物やその敷地に対する, 遺贈または贈与をすれば, 夫は妻の相 続分総額に居住用建物やその敷地の価額を含まないという意思を示したものと推定し, 実質的に妻の相続分は他の相続人より増加する. しかし, 民法改正にもかかわらず, 次のような今後の課題が残っているところ, 第一 に, 配偶者の短期居住権の場合, 妻が建物から立ち退きを望まない場合, 短期居住権の期限の到来が遅れる恐れがあり, 子どもが夫の所有している建物に居住した場合に子どもにも短期居住権が認められるのか, という問題が生じる. 第二に, 配偶者居住権の場合は譲渡が禁止されており, 妻が老人ホームの入居または病院に長期入院する場合, 入居費用や治療費用の確保に困難がある. 第三に, 被相続人の意思表示推定規定の場合は, 居住用建物とその敷地だけを対象としているので, 金銭を遺贈または贈与した場合, 居住用建物とその敷地を持っていない場合, 居住用建物とその敷地への賃貸の場合は適用から除外されるという点である.
Abstract
This paper will review the outline of the Japanese Civil Code(Inheritance law) revision in 2018 and future challenges. First of all, the amendment law newly established the right of a short-term residence and that of the residence for a spouse for the residence protection of a surviving spouse. First, the spouse's short-term residence is the right that the wife can use the building free of charge for a certain period of time until the attribution of the building is confirmed by the inheritance partition after the death of her husband. Second, spousal residency means that a spouse has the right to use the building free of charge for a lifetime under certain requirements, such as when a wife has agreed to acquire a spouse's residence status between the wife and the other heirs in the process of inheritance partition, or if the Family Court has found that special care is required for the maintenance of the wife's life. Third, in the case of married couples with a marriage period of 20 years or more, if the husband is a bequest or gift for the building or land on which he resides, it is presumed that he has expressed his intention not to include the value of the residential building or its land in the total inheritance of his wife. In fact, the wife's inheritance will increase more than the other heirs. However, despite the amendment of the Civil Law, the following challenges remain. First, in the case of a short-term residence for a spouse, if the wife does not want to leave the building, there is a risk of delays, and if a child lives in a building owned by the husband, it can be a question of whether the child can be granted short term residency. Second, in case of spouse 's residence, its transfer is prohibited and it is difficult to secure the cost of housing or treatment if the wife wants to stay in a nursing home or hospital for a long time. Third, the presumptive provision of the inheritee only applies the residential building and its site. Therefore, it is excluded from the application if you do the bequest or gift of money or if you do not have a residential building and its land, or if you are renting a residential building and its land.
- 발행기관:
- 법학연구소
- 분류:
- 법학일반