병역준비역에 편입된 복수국적자의 국적이탈의 자유 제한의 헌법적 한계와 입법적 개선방안 – 헌재 2020. 9. 24. 2016헌마889 결정에 대한 평석을 겸하여 -
Constitutional Limits of Restrictions on the Freedom to Renounce Nationality of Korean Males with Multiple Nationalities who are Assigned to the Preliminary Military Service, and Legislative Improvement - relevant judicial precedent: Constitutional Court Decision of 2016Hun-Ma889, September 24, 2020
공진성(전남대학교)
33권 3호, 499~542쪽
초록
현행 국적법은 남성 복수국적자가 병역준비역에 편입되는 만 18세 되는해의 3월 말까지 국적을 선택하지 않으면, 그들이 병역의무를 해소하기 전까지 국적이탈을 허용하지 않는다(제14조 제1항 단서 중 제12조 제2항 본문에 관한 부분). 또한 현행 국적법 시행규칙은 국적이탈신고서에 가족관계기록사항에 관한 증명서를 첨부하도록 함으로써, 국내에 출생신고를 하지 않은 복수국적자에게 국적이탈 신고 전에 우선 출생신고를 하도록 강제한다(제12조 제2항 제1호). 헌법재판소는 2020. 9. 24. 선고한 2016헌마889 결정에서 위의 국적법조항이 복수국적자가 국적선택기간 내에 국적 이탈 신고를 하지 못한 데 대하여 책임을 묻기 어려운 사정을 고려하지 않고 일률적으로 국적이탈을허용하지 않는 것은 중대한 기본권제한이므로, 위의 국적법조항은 복수국적자의 국적이탈의 자유를 침해한다고 결정하였다. 반면, 위의 국적법 시행규칙조항은 복수국적자의 국적이탈의 자유를 침해하지 않는다고 결정하였다. 그런데 외국에 주된 생활근거를 두고 있어 국내법에 따라 출생신고절차를 밟기 어려운 복수국적자의 사정을 고려하지 않은 채, 일률적으로국내법에 따른 출생신고의 부담을 지우는 것은, 청구인의 국적이탈을 사실상 불가능하게 하는 것이므로, 국적이탈의 자유에 대한 중대한 제한에 해당한다. 따라서 심판대상 시행규칙도 복수국적자의 국적이탈의 자유를 침해한다고 보는 것이 타당하다. 한편, 위의 국적법조항이 헌법에 합치하기 위해서는, 주된 생활근거를외국에 두고 있는 복수국적자가 국적이탈 신고기간 이내에 국적이탈 신고를 하지 못한데 대한 정당한 사유가 있는 경우에는 그 요건과 절차 등을정하여 국적이탈 신고를 할 수 있도록 개정되어야 한다. 또한 위의 국적법 시행규칙이 헌법에 합치하기 위해서는, 복수국적자가 국적이탈신고절차나(국적이탈 신고기간이 도과한 경우) 국적이탈허가절차를 밟을 때 국내법에 따라 출생신고를 하지 않은 자가 새롭게 출생신고를 하지 않고서도 외국의 공문서를 통해 국적이탈신고를 하는 본인의 신분과 가족관계를 확인할 수 있도록 개정되어야 한다.
Abstract
The current Nationality Act does not allow Korean males with multiple nationalities to renounce their nationality until the end of March of the year they turn 18 when they are assigned to the preliminary military service before they have resolved their military service obligations (the part concerning the main text of Article 12 Section 2 in the proviso of Article 14 Section 1 of the Nationality Act). In addition, the current enforcement rule of the Nationality Act require that persons with multiple nationalities attach a certificate of family relations records to their application for declaration of renouncement of nationality so that persons with multiple nationalities who have not registered their birth in Korea must first report their birth prior to declare the renouncement of nationality (the main text of Article 12 Section 2 of the Nationality Act). In the 2016Hun-Ma889 decision, which was declared on September 24, 2020, the Constitutional Court decided that, without considering the circumstances in which it is difficult to hold persons with multiple nationalities accountable for failure to declare their renouncement of nationality within the nationality selection period, the provision of the Nationality Act at issue uniformly does not permit to renounce their nationality, which is deemed to be a significant restriction of fundamental rights, so it infringes on the freedom to renounce nationality of persons with multiple nationalities. On the other hand, it was decided that the provision of the enforcement rule of the Nationality Act at issue does not infringe on the freedom to renounce nationality of persons with multiple nationalities. However, without taking into account the circumstances of persons with multiple nationalities, who have difficulty in completing their birth notification procedure according to the domestic law of Korea, because they have the main living basis in foreign countries, it is a significant restriction of the freedom to renounce nationality to uniformly place the burden of birth notifications on them according to the domestic law of Korea, making it virtually impossible for the applicants to renounce their nationality. Therefore, it is reasonable to see that the enforcement rule at Issue infringe on the freedom to renounce nationality of persons with multiple nationalities. On the other hand, in order for the provision of the Nationality Act at issue to comply with the Constitution, it should be amended to allow the renouncement of nationality by defining the requirements and procedures if there are justifiable reasons for persons with multiple nationalities whose main basis for living in a foreign country fail to declare their renouncement of nationality within the declaring period for the renouncement of nationality. In addition, in order for the enforcement rule of the Nationality Act at issue to comply with the Constitution, it should be amended so that when going through the procedure for declaring renouncement of nationality or (if the declaring period for notification to renounce nationality has passed) going through the procedure for approval for renouncement of nationality, persons with multiple nationalities, who have not reported their birth in accordance with the domestic law of Korea, are allowed to confirm their identity and their family relations through foreign official documents without newly reporting their birth domestically.
- 발행기관:
- 법학연구소
- 분류:
- 기타법학