이탈리아의 민법개정운동과 커먼즈 규약 그리고 커먼즈의 정치

Commons is understood as a dynamic system of user groups with certain boundaries, resources that they use jointly through autonomy and cooperation, and their management systems. However, the commons had not only the dimension of autonomy and cooperation, but also the dimension of universal rights. The various forms of commons have provided all people with necessities for livelihood and survival, and the universal right to access and use commons has been guaranteed through the laws and ideology of commons. The restoration of the universal dimension of commons lost in the process of modernization is also important for the creation of modern urban commons. An example of the restoration of universal rights to Commons under the conditions of modern cities can be said to be the process of Italy's Civil Code revision movement, occupation movement, and creation of the Commons Regulations. The amendment to the Civil Code stipulated that goods functional to the exercise of basic human rights and the free development of individuals were categories of commons, and legally guaranteed the possibility of public or private property being converted into commons. What made the purpose of this reform a reality was the occupation movement of citizens who were not recognized for their qualifications for the commons, and the rules of the commons created by the city government and citizens. The series of processes carried out in Italy well demonstrates the constitutional and constitutional nature of the politics of the commons in institutionalizing universal rights to the commons.