미국 제2차 산업혁명(1870-1914) 시기 특허투자 금융 법제가 창업에 미친 영향

In the first half of the 19th century, the fledgling United States merely copied or improved upon the British-led technological revolution, but in the second half, it developed innovative technologies and led the Second Industrial Revolution (1870-1914). Some companies were founded on innovative technologies and have continued to thrive to this day. This paper aims to analyze the impact of US legislation for patent-based investment on start-ups during this period. To this end, this paper micro-analyzes the representative investments in the electricity industry that drove the Second Industrial Revolution in the U.S. It also analyzes investments in high technology in the Cleveland and Pittsburgh regions, which were innovation zones equivalent to today's Silicon Valley. The analysis reveals how investments and startups were made in innovative technologies at the time. We also came to the conclusion that a patent finance system that combines an efficient patent system with a flexible financial system is the legal cause of the intensive and efficient investment of funds in innovative technologies that led to startups. At the time, the U.S. patent system was characterized by low patent costs and high legal stability of patent rights compared to other countries such as the U.K., and a financial system that allowed relatively diverse types of financial institutions to operate freely. These cases show that investment in high-tech is primarily mediated by patent rights. They also show that investment flows to certain people (certain startups) who have or are expected to have strong patents, and that these inventions are commercialized. The types of investments in these advanced technologies vary. Investments in Edison's light bulb invention were based on future patents. The investment in aluminum manufacturing was based on a claim analysis of a patented invention, and the investment in liquefied gas was made by asking for a share of the patent in exchange for paying for patent litigation. In all of these cases, the decisive factor for investment was the patent rights. The companies that were founded with patent investment financing at the time have led to some of the largest companies today, such as GE (founded in 1878), Alcoa (founded in 1888), and Linde (founded in 1907). As such, major investments in advanced technologies during the Second Industrial Revolution were financed through patent rights, making patent-based investment system one of the primary causes of the Second Industrial Revolution. In the U.S., the legal enablers of this efficient investment in innovative technologies were the efficient patent laws and flexible financial laws of the time. As such, it can be said that major investments and startups in advanced technologies during the Second Industrial Revolution were mediated by patent rights, and that patent-based investment system facilitated startups at that time.