‘쿤밍-몬트리올 글로벌 생물다양성 프레임워크’의 탄생과 의의

On December 19, 2022 in Montreal City, Canada, the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework(hereinafter KM GBF) was adopted, which could be recognized as the great output of the collective efforts at the global level to protect the biodiversity all over the world until 2030. This GBF came to light 12 year after the inception of the first Biodiversity Strategic Plan at COP 6 in 2006 and second Biodiversity Strategic Plan for 2022-2020 at COP 10 in 2010. The basic structure of KM GBF contains 2050 Vision, 2030 Mission, 4 Global Goals for 2050 and 23 Global Targets for 2030. The prominent features of the GBF can be labeled to be ambitious and transformative due to its high level of ambitious Targets and transformative Enabling Tools which were based on the so-called SMART approaches(simple, measurable, achievable, result-oriented and time-bound) which were agreed at the early stage of negotiation to prevent the GBF from being a mere rhetoric. Especially, these ambitious and transformative approaches can be found in many 2030 Targets. Target 3 was formulated to ensure that at least 30% of areas of particular importance for biodiversity are effectively conserved and managed through systems of protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures(OECM). Target 13 which attracted the most intensive attention recognizes the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the use of digital sequence information on genetic resources, not limited to the utilization of genetic resources or its associated traditional knowledge. Target 18 obliges the contracting Parties to identify by 2025, and eliminated, phase out or reform incentives/subsidies harmful for biodiversity, while substantially and progressively reducing them by at least $500 billion per year by 2030. Target 19 which is more than a surprise gift to the developing countries for agreeing with the final version of GBF promises to substantially and progressively increase the level of financial resources, mobilizing at least $200 billion per year by 2030, and increasing the financial flows from North to South to at least $20 billion per year by 2025, and to at least $30 billion per year by 2030. Finally, despite its adoption as a package deal with five other agenda items separately from the KM GBF itself, the greatest achievement of KM GBF can be said to be the Monitoring Framework for the KM GBF which was adopted for reporting and monitoring the progress at the global level in the implementation of KM GBF, based on the assessment of contents and indicators shrined in the individual NBSAP.