한국과 미국의 무기수출통제에 관한법적·제도적 고찰

This study compares and analyzes South Korea's arms export control laws and the United States' Arms Export Control Act (AECA) to examine the legal development of arms exports and their connection to national security. South Korea established the Strategic Goods Export Permit System in 1989, laying the groundwork for enhancing the competitiveness of its defense industry. However, limitations in its integrated legal framework and post-export monitoring system have been identified. In contrast, the AECA adopts a Congress-centered control system, enhancing accountability and transparency in arms exports while establishing a multi-layered management structure to uphold international peace and security. Based on this analysis, the study identifies key implications for improving South Korea's arms export control framework. First, it recommends adopting a Congress-centered review process to enhance transparency and accountability in export decision-making. Second, implementing a Foreign Military Sales (FMS) model is suggested to improve efficiency and reliability in arms exports. Third, strengthening post-export monitoring mechanisms is crucial to ensuring strict control over the end use and purpose of exported arms, thereby fostering international trust. This study proposes that South Korea can draw on the experience of the AECA to achieve legal and institutional reforms, enabling it to establish itself as a responsible arms-exporting nation within the international community. Such improvements are expected to contribute to balancing the enhancement of the defense industry's competitiveness with the advancement of national security.