군사분야 글로벌 거버넌스에 관한 고찰: 인공지능의 책임있는 군사적 이용(REAIM)을 중심으로

The rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) technology is driving innovation not only in society as a whole but also in the military field, playing an important role in information gathering, battlefield situation analysis, and autonomous weapon system operation. However, the military use of AI is accompanied by ethical and legal controversies such as the possibility of civilian damage, malfunction issues, and acceleration of the arms race, and poses new challenges to international security. In order to solve these problems and ensure responsible military use of AI, the need for international cooperation and norm-setting has emerged. Based on this need, the REAIM (Responsible AI in Military Domain) initiative was launched. REAIM can be largely divided into a high-level meeting at the government level and a global committee at the civilian level, and each can be defined as having two functions: ‘initiating soft law discussions’ at the national level and ‘concreting norms’ at the civilian level. The two functions create synergy with each other, promoting cooperation between governments, civilians, and civil society, and ultimately promoting responsible use of AI technology. At the 2023 Hague Conference in the Netherlands, the ‘Call to Action’ was adopted, calling attention to the need for cooperation in the international community, and at the 2024 Seoul Conference, a more specific roadmap was presented through the ‘Blueprint for Action’, receiving support from 61 countries. While the government is leading the international agreement, the REAIM Global Committee is positioning itself as the center of the standardization of AI in the military sector by discussing four areas: technical justice, ethical responsibility, peace and stability, and governance at the civilian level. Meanwhile, in addition to REAIM, various international efforts are also underway to ensure the ethical use of AI technology, such as the UN, the US-UK-EU AI Treaty, the US State Department’s political declaration, and the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW). However, there are still limitations, such as the lack of inclusiveness and the lack of specific implementation plans. In the midst of this, with the adoption of the first resolution on the military use of AI at the UN in November 2024, the possibility of REAIM developing into a key platform for drawing international consensus has increased. In the future, REAIM is expected to play a pivotal role in proposing specific guidelines to promote the peaceful use of military AI technology in cooperation with the UN and various stakeholders and leading global governance.