주요 비시장경제 국가(NME)의 GATT/WTO 가입 사례와 다자통상체제의 한계 및 시사점

The trade conflicts between China and the United States represent a critical factor undermining the stability of the WTO multilateral trading system, with the issue of accepting non-market economy (NME) countries into the WTO lying at the core of these conflicts. While the large-scale accession of NME countries after the launch of the WTO brought positive effects in strengthening the legitimacy and inclusiveness of the multilateral trading system, it also caused systemic instability by clashing with market economy principles. This paper systematically compares and analyzes key negotiation issues, including Subsidies, State-owned Enterprises, Trade Remedy Measures(Anti-dumping, Countervailing Duties, Safeguards), Pricing Policies, Foreign Exchange Policies, and Trade-related Intellectual Property Regime, by examining the GATT/WTO accession cases of major NME countries. It offers a comprehensive review of the structural issues arising from the integration of NME countries into the multilateral trading system, with a particular focus on non-market economy status, anti-dumping measures, subsidies, and exchange rate policies. Additionally, it assesses the current challenges faced by these countries within this framework. Through this analysis, this paper seeks to identify the limitations and structural challenges of the multilateral trading system and, based on these findings, propose future tasks and policy alternatives to enhance the sustainability of the multilateral trading system.