Sequestration of Ni2+ and Zn2+ utilising agricultural biowaste-based amorphous M SiO2 and modified green M SiO2/Fe3O4 nano-adsorbents: Modelling and electroplating wastewater performance

steel production, electroplating, galvanising, fertiliser production,smelting, battery manufacturing, and anticorrosion paints [3,4]. Even atdeficient concentrations of parts per million, these cationic metals canpotentially cause irreversible health effects in humans, pose a risk to theenvironment, and threaten ecosystems because of their toxicity, abilityto bioaccumulate in food chains, and lack of biodegradability [5,6]. Among the potentially toxic cationic metals mentioned, Ni2+ and Zn2+possess the highest capacity to adversely affect human health and theenvironment [7,8]. As a micronutrient, nickel is necessary for humanand plant metabolism; nevertheless, excessive amounts induce humanailments such as heart and blood problems, lung malfunction, kidneydifficulties, gastrointestinal distress, chronic bronchitis, skin dermatitis,