AI 등 4차산업혁명기술을 활용한 CCUS 리스크 관리와 법적 과제

This study explores legal and institutional measures to manage the environmental, legal, and social risks that may arise during the processes of carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) by leveraging Fourth Industrial Revolution technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), and digital twins. Existing CCUS legislation in Korea remains largely dependent on ex post monitoring and administrative control, making it difficult to transition toward a predictive and preventive regulatory framework. To address this limitation, this research proposes an intelligent risk management system integrating AI, IoT, and digital twin technologies and identifies step-by-step policy and legal challenges necessary for its implementation. The study finds, first, that the legal status and accountability structure of AI-based analysis must be clarified, and legal responsibility for violations of management duties relying on AI outputs should be explicitly defined. Second, a certification and supervision system for AI algorithms should be introduced to ensure the reliability of algorithms and the transparency of data. Third, establishing blockchain-based data recording systems and community-based risk communication mechanisms will strengthen social acceptance and transparency. Fourth, a shift toward a preventive regulatory system that integrates AI predictive results into environmental impact assessments (EIA) is urgently needed. Furthermore, the study proposes the amendment of the Carbon Capture, Transport, Storage and Utilization Act and the enactment of an independent AI Environmental Risk Management Act grounded in the principles of technological neutrality, transparency, and accountability. It also emphasizes the importance of establishing an integrated governance framework among the Ministry of Environment, the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, and the Ministry of Science and ICT, reflecting international standards such as ISO 27914 and ISO 27916, and promoting legal harmonization with the EU and OECD. Through these efforts, Korea’s CCUS legal framework can evolve into a globally recognized model of digital environmental governance. Ultimately, this study underscores that AI-based CCUS risk management is not merely a matter of technological adoption but represents a paradigm shift in the relationship between law and technology. Future environmental legislation should move beyond traditional control-oriented regulation toward an Intelligent Environmental Law founded upon the principles of prediction, prevention, participation, and transparency, thus contributing to the realization of a sustainable and digital green governance system.