기후위기 시대, 농민의 이중적 위기 해소와 권익 보장을 위한 농업법제의 개편 방안

The climate crisis poses a severe threat to agricultural production and farmers' livelihoods, while the agricultural sector is simultaneously identified as a major source of greenhouse gas emissions. Consequently, farmers face a Dual Crisis, where they are both the victim of climate change and a target of regulation. This study examines the environmental changes in agriculture caused by the climate crisis, analyzes the resulting policy and institutional transformations, and ultimately proposes legal and institutional measures for the protection of farmers' rights. First, the paper diagnoses the current status of crop damage and emission management based on impact evaluations. It reviews the development of information and warning systems and adaptive cultivation technologies. Subsequently, it evaluates the deficiencies in the scope and compensation levels of existing disaster relief programs under the Agricultural and Fisheries Disaster Countermeasures Act and crop insurance under the Agricultural and Fisheries Disaster Insurance Act. It also examines the limitations of current water management legislation in addressing severe droughts and floods. Furthermore, the study comprehensively reviews safety insurance systems designed to protect farmers' health from exposure to extreme temperatures and explores basic income schemes aimed at mitigating unpredictable income losses due to the climate crisis. The analysis finds that current frameworks suffer from a lack of balance between disaster compensation and emission regulation, and the mechanisms to safeguard farmers' livelihoods are insufficient. We recommend expanding the compensation scope of the Agricultural and Fisheries Disaster Countermeasures Act and the Agricultural and Fisheries Disaster Insurance Act to include agricultural income loss. Additionally, we propose enacting dedicated Agricultural Water Management Laws, strengthening farmers’ safety and health insurance, and introducing stable income support systems. Finally, the paper outlines an institutional roadmap to ensure that climate response policies harmonize with food security and secure sustainable livelihoods for farmers.